Coevolving Plasmids Drive Gene Circulation and Genome Plasticity in Host-Related Intracellular Micro organism
Plasmids are necessary in microbial evolution and adaptation to new environments. But, carrying a plasmid could be pricey, and long-term affiliation of plasmids with their hosts is poorly understood. Right here, we offer proof that the Chlamydiae, a phylum of strictly host-associated intracellular micro organism, have coevolved with their plasmids since their final widespread ancestor. Present chlamydial plasmids are amalgamations of at the least one ancestral plasmid and a bacteriophage.
We present that almost all of plasmid genes are additionally discovered on chromosomes of extant chlamydiae. Essentially the most conserved plasmid gene households are predominantly vertically inherited, whereas accent plasmid gene households present considerably elevated mobility.
We reconstructed the evolutionary historical past of plasmid gene content material of a whole bacterial phylum over a interval of round one billion years. Frequent horizontal gene switch and chromosomal integration occasions illustrate the pronounced impression of coevolution with these extrachromosomal components on bacterial genome dynamics in host-dependent microbes.
Plasmid Switch by Conjugation in Gram-Unfavorable Micro organism: From the Mobile to the Neighborhood Degree
Bacterial conjugation, additionally known as bacterial intercourse, is a serious horizontal gene switch mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient bacterium by direct contact. Conjugation is universally conserved amongst micro organism and happens in a variety of environments (soil, plant surfaces, water, sewage, biofilms, and host-associated bacterial communities).
Inside these habitats, conjugation drives the speedy evolution and adaptation of bacterial strains by mediating the propagation of varied metabolic properties, together with symbiotic way of life, virulence, biofilm formation, resistance to heavy metals, and, most significantly, resistance to antibiotics.
These properties make conjugation a essentially necessary course of, and it’s thus the main target of intensive examine. Right here, we evaluate the important thing steps of plasmid switch by conjugation in Gram-negative micro organism, by following the life cycle of the F issue throughout its switch from the donor to the recipient cell. We additionally focus on our present data of the extent and impression of conjugation inside an environmentally and clinically related bacterial habitat, bacterial biofilms.
Use of critically necessary antimicrobial lessons early in life could adversely impression bacterial resistance profiles throughout grownup years: potential co-selection for plasmid-borne fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance by way of extended-spectrum beta-lactam use in dairy cattle
The switch of antimicrobial resistance genes generally happens by way of vertical and horizontal gene switch, as such genes are sometimes discovered on the identical cell genetic aspect.
- This incidence can result in the co-selection of resistance to antimicrobials with out their software. Dairy cattle positioned within the southwestern United States had been enrolled in a matched-pair longitudinal examine to guage the results of a two-dose ceftiofur remedy for metritis on ranges of third-generation cephalosporin resistance amongst faecal Escherichia coli temporally.
- E. coli chosen for additional investigation had been remoted on selective media, harboured extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolone, and macrolide resistance genes. This mix has beforehand been unreported; importantly, it included genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics that may solely be utilized in dairy cattle lower than 20 months of age.
- Fluoroquinolones, macrolides and third and higher technology cephalosporins are thought of critically necessary and highest precedence for human drugs by the World Well being Group.
A converging subset of soil bacterial taxa is permissive to the IncP-1 plasmid pKJK5 throughout a variety of soil copper contamination
Stressors like metals or antibiotics can have an effect on bacterial group permissiveness for plasmid uptake, however there’s little data about long-term results of such stressors on the evolution of group permissiveness. We assessed the impact of greater than 90 years of soil Cu contamination on bacterial group permissiveness (i.e. uptake capability) in the direction of a gfp-tagged IncP-1 plasmid (pKJK5) launched by way of an Escherichia coli donor.
Plasmid switch occasions from the donor to the recipient soil bacterial group had been quantified and transconjugants had been subsequently remoted by fluorescence activated cell sorting and recognized by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.
Switch frequency of plasmid pKJK5 was diminished in bacterial communities extracted from extremely Cu contaminated (4526 mg kg-1) soil in comparison with corresponding communities extracted from reasonably (458 mg kg-1) Cu contaminated soil and a low Cu reference soil (15 mg kg-1).
The taxonomic composition of the transconjugal swimming pools confirmed exceptional similarities regardless of the diploma of soil Cu contamination and regardless of contrasting compositions of the extracted recipient communities and the unique soil communities.
Permissiveness assessed on the stage of particular person operational taxonomic models (OTUs; 16S rRNA gene 97% sequence similarity threshold) was solely barely affected by soil Cu stage and excessive replicate variability of OTU-level permissiveness indicated a job of stochastic occasions in IncP-1 plasmid switch or strain-to-strain permissiveness variability.
rmbiomed
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| abx023101-1ml | Abbexa | 1 ml | EUR 599 |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| abx023851-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | EUR 1066 |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| abx023852-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | EUR 1066 |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| abx023853-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | EUR 1066 |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 10R-7778 | Fitzgerald | 500 ug | EUR 532 |
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Description: Mouse monoclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 20-NR08 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 140 |
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Description: Rabbit polyclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 20C-CR2125RP | Fitzgerald | 1 ml | EUR 554 |
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Description: Rabbit polyclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 10-1329 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 259 |
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Description: Mouse monoclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 10-1330 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 259 |
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Description: Mouse monoclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| 10-2759 | Fitzgerald | 500 ug | EUR 219 |
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Description: Monoclonal Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| 10-2760 | Fitzgerald | 500 ug | EUR 219 |
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Description: Monoclonal Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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| 10-2761 | Fitzgerald | 500 ug | EUR 219 |
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Description: Monoclonal Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 10-N10A | Fitzgerald | 500 ug | EUR 489 |
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Description: Mouse monoclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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| 10-N10B | Fitzgerald | 500 ug | EUR 489 |
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Description: Mouse monoclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody |
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Cryptic Recombinant Protein |
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| 92-402 | ProSci | 0.05 mg | EUR 490.25 |
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Description: Cryptic (CFC1) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)- Cripto, Frl-1, and Cryptic (CFC) family. It contains an EGF-like domain, and is glycosylated on its N-terminal during post-translational modification. Cryptic is identified as a NODAL coreceptor involved in the correct establishment of the left-right axis. It may play a role in mesoderm and/or neural patterning during gastrulation. The unnormal expression of this gene may causes a series of diseases such as HTX2, Transposition of the great arteries dextro-looped 2, and Conotruncal heart malformations. |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae PCR kit |
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| PCR-H450-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | EUR 453 |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae PCR kit |
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| PCR-H450-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | EUR 572 |
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody (Biotin) |
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| abx023098-1ml | Abbexa | 1 ml | EUR 599 |
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibody (HRP) |
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| abx023100-1ml | Abbexa | 1 ml | EUR 599 |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody (FITC) |
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| 61C-CR2125M2F | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | EUR 402 |
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Description: Mouse monoclonal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antibody (FITC) |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae folA Protein (aa 1-162) |
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| VAng-Wyb2114-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3256 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Dihydrofolate reductase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae folA Protein (aa 1-162) |
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| VAng-Wyb2114-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2332 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Dihydrofolate reductase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae folA Protein (aa 1-162) |
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| VAng-Wyb2114-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1594 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Dihydrofolate reductase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsQ Protein (aa 1-242) |
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| VAng-Wyb2117-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Cell division protein FtsQ, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsX Protein (aa 1-305) |
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| VAng-Wyb2118-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Cell division protein FtsX homolog, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsY Protein (aa 1-416) |
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| VAng-Wyb2120-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4800 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Signal recognition particle receptor FtsY, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsY Protein (aa 1-416) |
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| VAng-Wyb2120-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3431 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Signal recognition particle receptor FtsY, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsY Protein (aa 1-416) |
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| VAng-Wyb2120-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2332 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Signal recognition particle receptor FtsY, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsZ Protein (aa 1-392) |
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| VAng-Wyb2121-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4648 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Cell division protein FtsZ, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsZ Protein (aa 1-392) |
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| VAng-Wyb2121-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3326 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Cell division protein FtsZ, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ftsZ Protein (aa 1-392) |
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| VAng-Wyb2121-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2261 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Cell division protein FtsZ, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae fur Protein (aa 1-144) |
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| VAng-Wyb2122-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3139 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Ferric uptake regulation protein, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae fur Protein (aa 1-144) |
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| VAng-Wyb2122-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2250 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Ferric uptake regulation protein, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae fur Protein (aa 1-144) |
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| VAng-Wyb2122-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1536 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Ferric uptake regulation protein, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae fusA Protein (aa 1-226) |
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| VAng-Wyb2123-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3630 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Elongation factor G, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae fusA Protein (aa 1-226) |
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| VAng-Wyb2123-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2589 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Elongation factor G, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae fusA Protein (aa 1-226) |
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| VAng-Wyb2123-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1770 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Elongation factor G, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae galE Protein (aa 1-338) |
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| VAng-Wyb2125-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4309 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae galE Protein (aa 1-338) |
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| VAng-Wyb2125-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3080 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae galE Protein (aa 1-338) |
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| VAng-Wyb2125-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2098 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glmM Protein (aa 1-445) |
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| VAng-Wyb2128-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4964 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Phosphoglucosamine mutase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glmM Protein (aa 1-445) |
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| VAng-Wyb2128-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3548 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Phosphoglucosamine mutase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glmM Protein (aa 1-445) |
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| VAng-Wyb2128-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2413 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Phosphoglucosamine mutase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glmU Protein (aa 1-456) |
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| VAng-Wyb2129-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 5058 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Bifunctional protein GlmU, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glmU Protein (aa 1-456) |
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| VAng-Wyb2129-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3607 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Bifunctional protein GlmU, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glmU Protein (aa 1-456) |
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| VAng-Wyb2129-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2460 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Bifunctional protein GlmU, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glnA Protein (aa 1-472) |
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| VAng-Wyb2130-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 5140 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Glutamine synthetase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glnA Protein (aa 1-472) |
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| VAng-Wyb2130-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3677 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Glutamine synthetase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glnA Protein (aa 1-472) |
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| VAng-Wyb2130-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2495 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Glutamine synthetase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glyA Protein (aa 1-416) |
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| VAng-Wyb2133-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4800 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glyA Protein (aa 1-416) |
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| VAng-Wyb2133-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3431 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae glyA Protein (aa 1-416) |
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| VAng-Wyb2133-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2332 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae groL Protein (aa 1-544) |
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| VAng-Wyb2139-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 60 kDa chaperonin, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae groS Protein (aa 1-96) |
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| VAng-Wyb2141-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2858 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 10 kDa chaperonin, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae groS Protein (aa 1-96) |
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| VAng-Wyb2141-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2039 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 10 kDa chaperonin, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae groS Protein (aa 1-96) |
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| VAng-Wyb2141-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1396 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 10 kDa chaperonin, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae gyrA Protein (aa 1-916) |
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| VAng-Wyb2144-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae DNA gyrase subunit A, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae gyrB Protein (aa 421-536) |
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| VAng-Wyb2145-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2963 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae DNA gyrase subunit B, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae gyrB Protein (aa 421-536) |
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| VAng-Wyb2145-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2121 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae DNA gyrase subunit B, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae gyrB Protein (aa 421-536) |
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| VAng-Wyb2145-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1454 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae DNA gyrase subunit B, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hemA Protein (aa 1-415) |
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| VAng-Wyb2146-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 4800 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain NCCP11945) Glutamyl-tRNA reductase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hemA Protein (aa 1-415) |
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| VAng-Wyb2146-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3431 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain NCCP11945) Glutamyl-tRNA reductase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hemA Protein (aa 1-415) |
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| VAng-Wyb2146-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2332 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain NCCP11945) Glutamyl-tRNA reductase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hfq Protein (aa 1-97) |
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| VAng-Wyb2149-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2858 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Protein hfq, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hfq Protein (aa 1-97) |
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| VAng-Wyb2149-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2039 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Protein hfq, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hfq Protein (aa 1-97) |
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| VAng-Wyb2149-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1396 |
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Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Protein hfq, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hisE Protein (aa 1-107) |
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| VAng-Wyb2151-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2905 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hisE Protein (aa 1-107) |
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| VAng-Wyb2151-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2086 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hisE Protein (aa 1-107) |
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| VAng-Wyb2151-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1431 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hisG Protein (aa 1-221) |
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| VAng-Wyb2153-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3595 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hisG Protein (aa 1-221) |
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| VAng-Wyb2153-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2577 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hisG Protein (aa 1-221) |
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| VAng-Wyb2153-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1758 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hitA Protein (aa 1-107) |
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| VAng-Wyb2157-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2905 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Protein hitA, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hitA Protein (aa 1-107) |
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| VAng-Wyb2157-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2086 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Protein hitA, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hitA Protein (aa 1-107) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2157-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1431 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Protein hitA, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hscA Protein (aa 1-620) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2159-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain ATCC 700825 / FA 1090) Chaperone protein hscA homolog, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hscB Protein (aa 1-166) |
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| VAng-Wyb2160-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3279 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain NCCP11945) Co-chaperone protein hscB homolog, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hscB Protein (aa 1-166) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2160-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2355 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain NCCP11945) Co-chaperone protein hscB homolog, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae hscB Protein (aa 1-166) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2160-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1606 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (strain NCCP11945) Co-chaperone protein hscB homolog, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae iga Protein (aa 1-1532) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2163-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae IgA-specific serine endopeptidase autotransporter, recombinant protein. |
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Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ihfA Protein (aa 1-96) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2165-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2858 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Integration host factor subunit alpha, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ihfA Protein (aa 1-96) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2165-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2039 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Integration host factor subunit alpha, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ihfA Protein (aa 1-96) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2165-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1396 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Integration host factor subunit alpha, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ihfB Protein (aa 1-104) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2166-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2881 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Integration host factor subunit beta, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ihfB Protein (aa 1-104) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2166-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2062 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Integration host factor subunit beta, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ihfB Protein (aa 1-104) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2166-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1407 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Integration host factor subunit beta, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae katA Protein (aa 1-500) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2170-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 5315 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Catalase, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae katA Protein (aa 1-500) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2170-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 3794 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Catalase, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae katA Protein (aa 1-500) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2170-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2577 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Catalase, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae leuD Protein (aa 1-79) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2172-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 2741 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae leuD Protein (aa 1-79) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2172-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1957 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae leuD Protein (aa 1-79) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2172-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1337 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae lgtB Protein (aa 1-279) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2176-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3970 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Lacto-N-neotetraose biosynthesis glycosyltransferase lgtB, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae lgtB Protein (aa 1-279) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2176-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | EUR 2835 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Lacto-N-neotetraose biosynthesis glycosyltransferase lgtB, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae lgtB Protein (aa 1-279) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2176-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | EUR 1934 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Lacto-N-neotetraose biosynthesis glycosyltransferase lgtB, recombinant protein. |
|||
Recombinant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae lgtE Protein (aa 1-280) |
|||
| VAng-Wyb2177-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | EUR 3970 |
|
Description: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Lacto-N-neotetraose biosynthesis glycosyltransferase lgtE, recombinant protein. |
|||
Plasmid Interactions Can Enhance Plasmid Persistence in Bacterial Populations
It’s obscure plasmid upkeep within the absence of choice and theoretical fashions predict the situations for plasmid persistence to be restricted. Plasmid-associated health prices lower bacterial competitivity, whereas imperfect partition permits the emergence of plasmid-free cells throughout cell division.
- Though plasmid conjugative switch permits mobility into plasmid-free cells, the speed of such occasions is mostly not excessive sufficient to make sure plasmid persistence. Experimental knowledge recommend a number of components that will broaden the situations favorable for plasmid upkeep, resembling compensatory mutations and accent genes that enable constructive choice.
- A lot of the earlier research give attention to micro organism that carry a single plasmid. Nevertheless, there’s growing proof that a number of plasmids inhabit the identical bacterial inhabitants and that interactions between them have an effect on their transmission and persistence.
- Right here, we adapt earlier mathematical fashions to incorporate a number of plasmids and carry out pc simulations to review how interactions amongst them have an effect on plasmid upkeep.
- We examined the contribution of various plasmid interplay parameters that impression three organic options: host health, conjugative switch and plasmid loss – which have an effect on plasmid persistence.
- The interplay affecting conjugation was studied within the contexts of intracellular and intercellular interactions, i.e., the plasmids work together when current in the identical cell or when in numerous cells, respectively. First, we examined the impact of every sort of interplay alone and concluded that solely interactions affecting health (epistasis) prevented plasmid extinction.
- Though not permitting plasmid upkeep, intracellular interactions growing conjugative efficiencies had a extra determinant impression in delaying extinction than the remaining parameters.
- Then, we allowed a number of interactions between plasmids and concluded that, in just a few instances, a mixed impact of (intracellular) interactions growing conjugation and health result in plasmid upkeep.
- Our outcomes present a hierarchy amongst these interplay parameters. These affecting health favor plasmid persistence greater than these affecting conjugative switch and lastly plasmid loss. These outcomes recommend that interactions between totally different plasmids can favor their persistence in bacterial communities.
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF568 |
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| 9-00006 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
|||
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF594 |
|||
| 9-00007 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Alpha-bungarotoxin CF594 |
|||
| 9-00007 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
|||
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF633 |
|||
| 9-00009 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF633 |
|||
| 9-00009 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
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Alpha-bungarotoxin |
|||
| 00010-1 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 168 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
|||
Fluorescein-Alpha-bungarotoxin |
|||
| 00011 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 367 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Tetramethylrhodamine-Alpha-bungarotoxin |
|||
| 00012 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 383 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Fluorescein-alpha-bungarotoxin: (10x50ug) |
|||
| 00013 | Biotium | 10ST | EUR 417 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10ST |
|||
Tetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin: (10x50ug) |
|||
| 00014 | Biotium | 10ST | EUR 466 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10ST |
|||
Sulforhodamine 101-a-bungarotoxin (Texas Red--a-bungarotoxin): (500ug) |
|||
| 00015 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 466 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Sulforhodamine 101-a-bungarotoxin (Texas Red--a-bungarotoxin): (10x50ug) |
|||
| 00016 | Biotium | 10ST | EUR 523 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10ST |
|||
Biotin-xx-a-bungarotoxin |
|||
| 00017 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 433 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF555 conjugate |
|||
| 9-00018 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
|||
Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF555 conjugate |
|||
| 9-00018 | Biotium |
|
|
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Biotin-cAMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: |
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| 00020 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 314 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
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Biotin-cAMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: (20x50ug) |
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| 00020-1 | Biotium | 20ST | EUR 418 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 20ST |
|||
Biotin-cGMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: |
|||
| 00021 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 344 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
|||
Biotin-cGMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: (20x50ug) |
|||
| 00021-1 | Biotium | 20ST | EUR 448 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 20ST |
|||
Cyanine 644-cAMP: |
|||
| 00022 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 491 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
|||
Cyanine 644-cAMP: (20x50ug) |
|||
| 00022-1 | Biotium | 20ST | EUR 625 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 20ST |
|||
Fluorescein Methotrexate, triammonium salt: |
|||
| 00023 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 281 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
|||
Staurosporine |
|||
| 00025 | Biotium | 100uG | EUR 139 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
|||
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF543 |
|||
| 00026 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 494 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
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Rhodamine phalloidin 300u |
|||
| 00027 | Biotium | 300 | EUR 345 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300 |
|||
Biotin-xx-phalloidin |
|||
| 00028 | Biotium | 100U | EUR 428 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100U |
|||
Fluorescein-phalloidin |
|||
| 00030 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 345 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Rhodamine 110 phalloidin |
|||
| 00032 | Biotium | 300ST | EUR 345 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300ST |
|||
Sulforhodamine 101 (Texas-Red) Phalloidin |
|||
| 00033 | Biotium | 300EU | EUR 345 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300EU |
|||
Phalloidin, CF405M |
|||
| 00034 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF405M |
|||
| 00034-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
CF488A-cAMP |
|||
| 00036 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 172 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
CF640R-cAMP |
|||
| 00037 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 172 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Phalloidin, CF555 |
|||
| 00040 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
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Phalloidin, CF555 |
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| 00040-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF647 |
|||
| 00041 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF647 |
|||
| 00041-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF488A |
|||
| 00042 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF488A |
|||
| 00042-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF543 |
|||
| 00043 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF543 |
|||
| 00043-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF568 |
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| 00044 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF568 |
|||
| 00044-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF594 |
|||
| 00045 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF594 |
|||
| 00045-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF633 |
|||
| 00046 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF633 |
|||
| 00046-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF660R |
|||
| 00047 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF660R |
|||
| 00047-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF680R |
|||
| 00048 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 466 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF680R |
|||
| 00048-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF350 |
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| 00049 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF350 |
|||
| 00049-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF640R |
|||
| 00050 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF640R |
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| 00050-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF532 |
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| 00051 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF532 |
|||
| 00051-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF660C |
|||
| 00052 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 442 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF660C |
|||
| 00052-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 133 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF680 |
|||
| 00053 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 466 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF680 |
|||
| 00053-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 147 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF430 |
|||
| 00054 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 449 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF430 |
|||
| 00054-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 139 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF440 |
|||
| 00055 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 449 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
|||
Phalloidin, CF440 |
|||
| 00055-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 139 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF488A conjugate |
|||
| 00070 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 261 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF568 conjugate |
|||
| 00071 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 261 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF594 conjugate |
|||
| 00072 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 261 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF640R conjugate |
|||
| 00073 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 264 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF532 conjugate |
|||
| 00074 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 264 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF543 conjugate |
|||
| 00075 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 264 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF620R conjugate |
|||
| 00076 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 264 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF633 conjugate |
|||
| 00077 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 264 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF660R conjugate |
|||
| 00078 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 264 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF680R conjugate |
|||
| 00079 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 282 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF488A conjugate |
|||
| 00081 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 149 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF543 conjugate |
|||
| 00082 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 149 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF568 conjugate |
|||
| 00083 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 149 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF594 conjugate |
|||
| 00084 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 149 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF640R conjugate |
|||
| 00085 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 149 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF680R conjugate |
|||
| 00086 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 149 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
Human Transferrin, CF750 conjugate |
|||
| 00087 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 155 |
|
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
|||
HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00110-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen full length 15 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00110-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen full length 15 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 GAG P24 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00111-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 gag p24 recombinant antigen a.a 77 to a.a 436 of the HIV-1 gag region 39 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 GAG P24 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00111-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 gag p24 recombinant antigen a.a 77 to a.a 436 of the HIV-1 gag region 39 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00112-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen a.a 3 to a.a 190 of the HIV-1 nef region 20 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00112-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen a.a 3 to a.a 190 of the HIV-1 nef region 20 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00113-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen a.a 466 to a.a 753 of the HIV-1 env region 32 kDa |
|||
HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00113-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen a.a 466 to a.a 753 of the HIV-1 env region 32 kDa |
|||
HIV-2 GP 36 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00114-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV -2 env gp36 recombinant antigen a.a 390 to a.a 702 of the HIV-2 env region 34 kDa |
|||
HIV-2 GP 36 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00114-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV -2 env gp36 recombinant antigen a.a 390 to a.a 702 of the HIV-2 env region 34 kDa |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00115-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00115-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen, Biotin conjugate |
|||
| 00115-V-B-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen, Biotin conjugate |
|||
| 00115-V-B-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen, FITC conjugate |
|||
| 00115-V-F-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen, FITC conjugate |
|||
| 00115-V-F-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen, Rhodamine |
|||
| 00115-V-R-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa . Rhodamine conjugate. |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen, Rhodamine |
|||
| 00115-V-R-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa . Rhodamine conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b |
|||
| 00116-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b |
|||
| 00116-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Biotin |
|||
| 00116-V-B-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Biotin |
|||
| 00116-V-B-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, FITC |
|||
| 00116-V-F-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, FITC |
|||
| 00116-V-F-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Rhodamine |
|||
| 00116-V-R-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Rhodamine conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Rhodamine |
|||
| 00116-V-R-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Rhodamine conjugate. |
|||
HCV NS3 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00117-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS3 recombinant antigen a.a 1400 to a.a 1643 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
|||
HCV NS3 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00117-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS3 recombinant antigen a.a 1400 to a.a 1643 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
|||
HBV core recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00120-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 183 of HBV core antigen 18 kDa |
|||
HBV core recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00120-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 183 of HBV core antigen 18 kDa |
|||
HBV core recombinant antigen, Delta |
|||
| 00121-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 144 of HBV core antigen 16 kDa |
|||
HBV core recombinant antigen, Delta |
|||
| 00121-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 144 of HBV core antigen 16 kDa |
|||
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg |
|||
| 00122-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant |
|||
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg |
|||
| 00122-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant |
|||
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
| 00123-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant High purity |
|||
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
| 00123-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant High purity |
|||
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
| 00124-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 31 kDa E. coli recombinant |
|||
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
| 00124-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 31 kDa E. coli recombinant |
|||
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00131-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 633 to a.a 659. |
|||
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00131-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 633 to a.a 659. |
|||
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00132-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 403 to a.a 461. |
|||
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00132-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 403 to a.a 461. |
|||
AA 403-461 HEV Birma ORF2 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00133-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 92 to a.a 123. |
|||
AA 403-461 HEV Birma ORF2 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00133-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 92 to a.a 123. |
|||
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 |
|||
| 00141-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 (full length) |
|||
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 |
|||
| 00141-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 (full length) |
|||
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 |
|||
| 00142-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 (full length) |
|||
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 |
|||
| 00142-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 (full length) |
|||
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 |
|||
| 00143-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 (full length) |
|||
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 |
|||
| 00143-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 (full length) |
|||
T, pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA |
|||
| 00144-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA (full length) |
|||
T, pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA |
|||
| 00144-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA (full length) |
|||
HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00150-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen. Genotypes available: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3/10, 4, 5, 6a |
|||
HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00150-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen. Genotypes available: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3/10, 4, 5, 6a |
|||
HCV Core 24 Antigen |
|||
| 00151-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core 24 antigen. |
|||
HCV Core 24 Antigen |
|||
| 00151-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core 24 antigen. |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00152-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a.105-302 |
|||
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00152-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a.105-302 |
|||
HCV NS3 1192-1456 aa Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00153-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS3 1192-1456aa recombinant antigen a.a.1192-1459. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 2c, 5, 6a |
|||
HCV NS3 1192-1456 aa Recombinant Antigen |
|||
| 00153-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS3 1192-1456aa recombinant antigen a.a.1192-1459. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 2c, 5, 6a |
|||
HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen |
|||
| 00154-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen. The protein contains immunodominant regions (1359-1456aa). available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
|||
HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen |
|||
| 00154-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen. The protein contains immunodominant regions (1359-1456aa). available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
|||
HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00155-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen a.a1691-1710, 1712-1733, 1921-1940. Genotypes available: 1, 2, 3, 5. |
|||
HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00155-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen a.a1691-1710, 1712-1733, 1921-1940. Genotypes available: 1, 2, 3, 5. |
|||
HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00156-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen. |
|||
HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00156-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen. |
|||
HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00157-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen. |
|||
HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00157-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen. |
|||
HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00158-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 6a. |
|||
HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00158-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 6a. |
|||
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00159-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 722-830. |
|||
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00159-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 722-830. |
|||
HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00160-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen a.a. 55-164. |
|||
HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00160-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen a.a. 55-164. |
|||
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00161-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1492-1606. |
|||
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00161-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1492-1606. |
|||
HAV P3C recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00162-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV P3C recombinant antigen a.a. 1643-1743. |
|||
HAV P3C recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00162-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV P3C recombinant antigen a.a. 1643-1743. |
|||
HAV VP3 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00163-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP3 recombinant antigen a.a. 304-415. |
|||
HAV VP3 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00163-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP3 recombinant antigen a.a. 304-415. |
|||
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00164-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 669-782. |
|||
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00164-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 669-782. |
|||
HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00165-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen a.a. 1121-1234. |
|||
HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00165-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen a.a. 1121-1234. |
|||
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00166-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1392-1521. |
|||
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00166-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1392-1521. |
|||
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00168-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00168-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen |
|||
| 00169-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen.The protein contains the HIV immunodominant regions from gag p17-p24 gp 120. |
|||
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen |
|||
| 00169-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen.The protein contains the HIV immunodominant regions from gag p17-p24 gp 120. |
|||
HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00170-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00170-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00171-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00171-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00173-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen. . |
|||
HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00173-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen. . |
|||
HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00174-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen, |
|||
| 00174-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen. |
|||
HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00175-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 267.5 |
|
Description: HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen. HIV-1 envelope conjugated to HIV-2 envelope peptide. |
|||
HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen |
|||
| 00175-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1282.5 |
|
Description: HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen. HIV-1 envelope conjugated to HIV-2 envelope peptide. |
|||
Principal element evaluation exploring the affiliation between antibiotic resistance and heavy steel tolerance of plasmid-bearing sewage wastewater micro organism of scientific relevance
This paper unravels the incidence of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in affiliation with tolerance to heavy metals amongst clinically related micro organism remoted from sewage wastewater.
The micro organism remoted had been recognized following standard phenotypic and/or molecular strategies, and had been subjected to multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR) profiling. The isolates had been examined towards the heavy metals Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr2+ and Cu2+. SDS-PAGE and agarose gel electrophoretic analyses had been carried out, respectively, for the characterization of heavy steel stress protein and R-plasmid among the many remoted micro organism.
Principal element evaluation was utilized in figuring out bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. Each lactose-fermenting ( Escherichia coli ) and non-fermenting ( Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas putida ) Gram-negative bacterial strains had been procured, and confirmed MAR phenotypes with respect to 3 or extra antibiotics, together with resistance to the heavy metals Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr2+ and Cu2+.
The Gram-positive micro organism, Enterococcus faecalis , remoted had ‘ampicillin-kanamycin-nalidixic acid’ resistance. The bacterial isolates had MAR indices of 0.3-0.9, indicating their ( E. faecalis , E. coli , A. baumannii and P. putida ) origin from niches with excessive antibiotic air pollution and human faecal contamination.
The Gram-negative micro organism remoted contained a single plasmid (≈54 kb) conferring a number of antibiotic resistance, which was linked to heavy steel tolerance; the SDS-PAGE evaluation demonstrated the expression of heavy steel stress proteins (≈59 and ≈10 kDa) in wastewater micro organism with a Cd2+ stressor.
The examine outcomes grant an perception into the co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance and heavy steel tolerance amongst clinically related micro organism in sewage wastewater, prompting an intense well being impression over antibiotic utilization.
