Coevolving Plasmids Drive Gene Circulation and Genome Plasticity in Host-Related Intracellular Micro organism
Plasmids are necessary in microbial evolution and adaptation to new environments. But, carrying a plasmid could be pricey, and long-term affiliation of plasmids with their hosts is poorly understood. Right here, we offer proof that the Chlamydiae, a phylum of strictly host-associated intracellular micro organism, have coevolved with their plasmids since their final widespread ancestor. Present chlamydial plasmids are amalgamations of at the least one ancestral plasmid and a bacteriophage.
We present that almost all of plasmid genes are additionally discovered on chromosomes of extant chlamydiae. Essentially the most conserved plasmid gene households are predominantly vertically inherited, whereas accent plasmid gene households present considerably elevated mobility.
We reconstructed the evolutionary historical past of plasmid gene content material of a whole bacterial phylum over a interval of round one billion years. Frequent horizontal gene switch and chromosomal integration occasions illustrate the pronounced impression of coevolution with these extrachromosomal components on bacterial genome dynamics in host-dependent microbes.
Plasmid Switch by Conjugation in Gram-Unfavorable Micro organism: From the Mobile to the Neighborhood Degree
Bacterial conjugation, additionally known as bacterial intercourse, is a serious horizontal gene switch mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient bacterium by direct contact. Conjugation is universally conserved amongst micro organism and happens in a variety of environments (soil, plant surfaces, water, sewage, biofilms, and host-associated bacterial communities).
Inside these habitats, conjugation drives the speedy evolution and adaptation of bacterial strains by mediating the propagation of varied metabolic properties, together with symbiotic way of life, virulence, biofilm formation, resistance to heavy metals, and, most significantly, resistance to antibiotics.
These properties make conjugation a essentially necessary course of, and it’s thus the main target of intensive examine. Right here, we evaluate the important thing steps of plasmid switch by conjugation in Gram-negative micro organism, by following the life cycle of the F issue throughout its switch from the donor to the recipient cell. We additionally focus on our present data of the extent and impression of conjugation inside an environmentally and clinically related bacterial habitat, bacterial biofilms.
Use of critically necessary antimicrobial lessons early in life could adversely impression bacterial resistance profiles throughout grownup years: potential co-selection for plasmid-borne fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance by way of extended-spectrum beta-lactam use in dairy cattle
The switch of antimicrobial resistance genes generally happens by way of vertical and horizontal gene switch, as such genes are sometimes discovered on the identical cell genetic aspect.
- This incidence can result in the co-selection of resistance to antimicrobials with out their software. Dairy cattle positioned within the southwestern United States had been enrolled in a matched-pair longitudinal examine to guage the results of a two-dose ceftiofur remedy for metritis on ranges of third-generation cephalosporin resistance amongst faecal Escherichia coli temporally.
- E. coli chosen for additional investigation had been remoted on selective media, harboured extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolone, and macrolide resistance genes. This mix has beforehand been unreported; importantly, it included genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics that may solely be utilized in dairy cattle lower than 20 months of age.
- Fluoroquinolones, macrolides and third and higher technology cephalosporins are thought of critically necessary and highest precedence for human drugs by the World Well being Group.
A converging subset of soil bacterial taxa is permissive to the IncP-1 plasmid pKJK5 throughout a variety of soil copper contamination
Stressors like metals or antibiotics can have an effect on bacterial group permissiveness for plasmid uptake, however there’s little data about long-term results of such stressors on the evolution of group permissiveness. We assessed the impact of greater than 90 years of soil Cu contamination on bacterial group permissiveness (i.e. uptake capability) in the direction of a gfp-tagged IncP-1 plasmid (pKJK5) launched by way of an Escherichia coli donor.
Plasmid switch occasions from the donor to the recipient soil bacterial group had been quantified and transconjugants had been subsequently remoted by fluorescence activated cell sorting and recognized by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.
Switch frequency of plasmid pKJK5 was diminished in bacterial communities extracted from extremely Cu contaminated (4526 mg kg-1) soil in comparison with corresponding communities extracted from reasonably (458 mg kg-1) Cu contaminated soil and a low Cu reference soil (15 mg kg-1).
The taxonomic composition of the transconjugal swimming pools confirmed exceptional similarities regardless of the diploma of soil Cu contamination and regardless of contrasting compositions of the extracted recipient communities and the unique soil communities.
Permissiveness assessed on the stage of particular person operational taxonomic models (OTUs; 16S rRNA gene 97% sequence similarity threshold) was solely barely affected by soil Cu stage and excessive replicate variability of OTU-level permissiveness indicated a job of stochastic occasions in IncP-1 plasmid switch or strain-to-strain permissiveness variability.

rmbiomed
PRDM10 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2010 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM11 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2011 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM13 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2013 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM16 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2016 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM17 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2017 | EpiGentek |
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EZH1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2018 | EpiGentek |
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HSF1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2401 | EpiGentek |
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PRMT3 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-3003 | EpiGentek |
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SET1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-3011 | EpiGentek |
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SET07 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-3013 | EpiGentek |
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LSD1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-3018 | EpiGentek |
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HDAC10 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4010 | EpiGentek |
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PCAF Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4012 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K9ac (Acetyl H3K9) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4022 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K14ac (Acetyl H3K14) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4023 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K18ac (Acetyl H3K18) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4024 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K23ac (Acetyl H3K23) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4025 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K56ac (Acetyl H3K56) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4026 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K4me1 (H3K4 Monomethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4031 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K4me2 (H3K4 Dimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4032 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K4me3 (H3K4 Trimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4033 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K9me1 (H3K9 Monomethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4034 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K9me2 (H3K9 Dimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4035 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K9me3 (H3K9 Trimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4036 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K27me1 (H3K27 Monomethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4037 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K27me2 (H3K27 Dimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4038 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K27me3 (H3K27 Trimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4039 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K36me1 (H3K36 Monomethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4040 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K36me2 (H3K36 Dimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4041 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K36me3 (H3K36 Trimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4042 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K79me1 (H3K79 Monomethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4043 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K79me2 (H3K79 Dimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4044 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K79me3 (H3K79 Trimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4045 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H4K20me1 (H4K20 Monomethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4046 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H4K20me2 (H4K20 Dimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4047 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H4K20me3 (H4K20 Trimethyl) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4048 | EpiGentek |
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Histone H3K27ac (Acetyl H3K27) Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-4708 | EpiGentek |
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CRISPR Cas9 Monoclonal Antibody [7A9] |
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A-9000 | EpiGentek |
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CRISPR/Cas9 (SaCas9) Monoclonal Antibody [6H4] |
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A-9001 | EpiGentek |
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CLIMP-63 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-0701 | EpiGentek |
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DNMT3A Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1003 | EpiGentek |
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DNMT3B Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1004 | EpiGentek |
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DNMT3L Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1005 | EpiGentek |
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MBD3 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1008 | EpiGentek |
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MGMT Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1010 | EpiGentek |
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MeCP2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1012 | EpiGentek |
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TET1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1020 | EpiGentek |
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DNMT1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1700 | EpiGentek |
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TET2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1701 | EpiGentek |
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MBD2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-1713 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2002 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM3 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2003 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM6 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2006 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM12 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2012 | EpiGentek |
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PRDM14 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2014 | EpiGentek |
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EZH2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2019 | EpiGentek |
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EED Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2020 | EpiGentek |
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Swi2/SNF2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2023 | EpiGentek |
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SNFa/BRM Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2025 | EpiGentek |
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Ini1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2026 | EpiGentek |
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RNA Polymerase II Monoclonal Antibody [CTD4H8] |
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A-2032 | EpiGentek |
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CBX5 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2701 | EpiGentek |
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EGLN1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2702 | EpiGentek |
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RBBP4 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2703 | EpiGentek |
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SIN3A Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2704 | EpiGentek |
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CTBP1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2705 | EpiGentek |
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PADI4 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2706 | EpiGentek |
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SMARCA5 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2707 | EpiGentek |
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IDH1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2708 | EpiGentek |
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CHD4 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2709 | EpiGentek |
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CHAF1A Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2710 | EpiGentek |
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BRD7 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2712 | EpiGentek |
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UHRF1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2714 | EpiGentek |
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UHRF2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2715 | EpiGentek |
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SMARCE1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2716 | EpiGentek |
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ACTL6A Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2717 | EpiGentek |
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MPG Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2718 | EpiGentek |
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HIF1AN Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2719 | EpiGentek |
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RNF2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2720 | EpiGentek |
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PCGF6 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2721 | EpiGentek |
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SMARCB1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2722 | EpiGentek |
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ALKBH3 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2723 | EpiGentek |
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BBOX1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2724 | EpiGentek |
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BTAF1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2725 | EpiGentek |
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CXXC1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2726 | EpiGentek |
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KDM4B Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2727 | EpiGentek |
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HELLS Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2728 | EpiGentek |
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ING3 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2729 | EpiGentek |
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ING4 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2730 | EpiGentek |
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PHC1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2731 | EpiGentek |
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SMARCAD1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2732 | EpiGentek |
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USP16 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2733 | EpiGentek |
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SMARCC1 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2734 | EpiGentek |
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ERCC6L Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2735 | EpiGentek |
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SMYD5 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2736 | EpiGentek |
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ATF2 Polyclonal Antibody |
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A-2738 | EpiGentek |
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Plasmid Interactions Can Enhance Plasmid Persistence in Bacterial Populations
It’s obscure plasmid upkeep within the absence of choice and theoretical fashions predict the situations for plasmid persistence to be restricted. Plasmid-associated health prices lower bacterial competitivity, whereas imperfect partition permits the emergence of plasmid-free cells throughout cell division.
- Though plasmid conjugative switch permits mobility into plasmid-free cells, the speed of such occasions is mostly not excessive sufficient to make sure plasmid persistence. Experimental knowledge recommend a number of components that will broaden the situations favorable for plasmid upkeep, resembling compensatory mutations and accent genes that enable constructive choice.
- A lot of the earlier research give attention to micro organism that carry a single plasmid. Nevertheless, there’s growing proof that a number of plasmids inhabit the identical bacterial inhabitants and that interactions between them have an effect on their transmission and persistence.
- Right here, we adapt earlier mathematical fashions to incorporate a number of plasmids and carry out pc simulations to review how interactions amongst them have an effect on plasmid upkeep.
- We examined the contribution of various plasmid interplay parameters that impression three organic options: host health, conjugative switch and plasmid loss – which have an effect on plasmid persistence.
- The interplay affecting conjugation was studied within the contexts of intracellular and intercellular interactions, i.e., the plasmids work together when current in the identical cell or when in numerous cells, respectively. First, we examined the impact of every sort of interplay alone and concluded that solely interactions affecting health (epistasis) prevented plasmid extinction.
- Though not permitting plasmid upkeep, intracellular interactions growing conjugative efficiencies had a extra determinant impression in delaying extinction than the remaining parameters.
- Then, we allowed a number of interactions between plasmids and concluded that, in just a few instances, a mixed impact of (intracellular) interactions growing conjugation and health result in plasmid upkeep.
- Our outcomes present a hierarchy amongst these interplay parameters. These affecting health favor plasmid persistence greater than these affecting conjugative switch and lastly plasmid loss. These outcomes recommend that interactions between totally different plasmids can favor their persistence in bacterial communities.
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF568 |
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9-00006 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF594 |
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9-00007 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Alpha-bungarotoxin CF594 |
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9-00007 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF633 |
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9-00009 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF633 |
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9-00009 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
Alpha-bungarotoxin |
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00010-1 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 201.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
Fluorescein-Alpha-bungarotoxin |
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00011 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 440.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Tetramethylrhodamine-Alpha-bungarotoxin |
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00012 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 459.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Fluorescein-alpha-bungarotoxin: (10x50ug) |
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00013 | Biotium | 10ST | EUR 500.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10ST |
Tetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin: (10x50ug) |
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00014 | Biotium | 10ST | EUR 559.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10ST |
Sulforhodamine 101-a-bungarotoxin (Texas Red--a-bungarotoxin): (500ug) |
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00015 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 559.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Sulforhodamine 101-a-bungarotoxin (Texas Red--a-bungarotoxin): (10x50ug) |
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00016 | Biotium | 10ST | EUR 627.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 10ST |
Biotin-xx-a-bungarotoxin |
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00017 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 519.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF555 conjugate |
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9-00018 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF555 conjugate |
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9-00018 | Biotium |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Biotin-cAMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: |
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00020 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 376.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
Biotin-cAMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: (20x50ug) |
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00020-1 | Biotium | 20ST | EUR 501.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 20ST |
Biotin-cGMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: |
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00021 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 412.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
Biotin-cGMP, diisopropylethylammonium salt: (20x50ug) |
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00021-1 | Biotium | 20ST | EUR 537.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 20ST |
Cyanine 644-cAMP: |
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00022 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 589.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
Cyanine 644-cAMP: (20x50ug) |
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00022-1 | Biotium | 20ST | EUR 750 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 20ST |
Fluorescein Methotrexate, triammonium salt: |
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00023 | Biotium | 1MG | EUR 337.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1MG |
Staurosporine |
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00025 | Biotium | 100uG | EUR 166.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100uG |
Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF543 |
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00026 | Biotium | 500uG | EUR 592.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG |
Rhodamine phalloidin 300u |
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00027 | Biotium | 300 | EUR 414 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300 |
Biotin-xx-phalloidin |
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00028 | Biotium | 100U | EUR 513.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100U |
Fluorescein-phalloidin |
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00030 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 414 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Rhodamine 110 phalloidin |
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00032 | Biotium | 300ST | EUR 414 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300ST |
Sulforhodamine 101 (Texas-Red) Phalloidin |
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00033 | Biotium | 300EU | EUR 414 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300EU |
Phalloidin, CF405M |
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00034 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF405M |
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00034-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
CF488A-cAMP |
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00036 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 206.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
CF640R-cAMP |
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00037 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 206.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Phalloidin, CF555 |
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00040 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF555 |
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00040-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF647 |
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00041 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF647 |
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00041-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF488A |
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00042 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF488A |
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00042-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF543 |
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00043 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF543 |
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00043-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF568 |
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00044 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF568 |
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00044-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF594 |
|||
00045 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF594 |
|||
00045-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF633 |
|||
00046 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF633 |
|||
00046-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF660R |
|||
00047 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF660R |
|||
00047-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF680R |
|||
00048 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 559.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF680R |
|||
00048-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF350 |
|||
00049 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF350 |
|||
00049-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF640R |
|||
00050 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF640R |
|||
00050-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF532 |
|||
00051 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF532 |
|||
00051-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF660C |
|||
00052 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 530.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF660C |
|||
00052-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 159.6 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF680 |
|||
00053 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 559.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF680 |
|||
00053-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 176.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF430 |
|||
00054 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 538.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF430 |
|||
00054-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 166.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Phalloidin, CF440 |
|||
00055 | Biotium | 300U | EUR 538.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U |
Phalloidin, CF440 |
|||
00055-T | Biotium | 50U | EUR 166.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF488A conjugate |
|||
00070 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 313.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF568 conjugate |
|||
00071 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 313.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF594 conjugate |
|||
00072 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 313.2 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF640R conjugate |
|||
00073 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 316.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF532 conjugate |
|||
00074 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 316.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF543 conjugate |
|||
00075 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 316.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF620R conjugate |
|||
00076 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 316.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF633 conjugate |
|||
00077 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 316.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF660R conjugate |
|||
00078 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 316.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Cholera Toxin Subunit B, CF680R conjugate |
|||
00079 | Biotium | 100ug | EUR 338.4 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 100ug |
Human Transferrin, CF488A conjugate |
|||
00081 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 178.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
Human Transferrin, CF543 conjugate |
|||
00082 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 178.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
Human Transferrin, CF568 conjugate |
|||
00083 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 178.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
Human Transferrin, CF594 conjugate |
|||
00084 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 178.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
Human Transferrin, CF640R conjugate |
|||
00085 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 178.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
Human Transferrin, CF680R conjugate |
|||
00086 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 178.8 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
Human Transferrin, CF750 conjugate |
|||
00087 | Biotium | 1mg | EUR 186 |
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 1mg |
HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen |
|||
00110-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen full length 15 kDa |
HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen |
|||
00110-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 tat recombinant antigen full length 15 kDa |
HIV-1 GAG P24 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00111-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 gag p24 recombinant antigen a.a 77 to a.a 436 of the HIV-1 gag region 39 kDa |
HIV-1 GAG P24 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00111-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 gag p24 recombinant antigen a.a 77 to a.a 436 of the HIV-1 gag region 39 kDa |
HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen |
|||
00112-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen a.a 3 to a.a 190 of the HIV-1 nef region 20 kDa |
HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen |
|||
00112-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 nef recombinant antigen a.a 3 to a.a 190 of the HIV-1 nef region 20 kDa |
HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen |
|||
00113-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen a.a 466 to a.a 753 of the HIV-1 env region 32 kDa |
HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen |
|||
00113-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 env gp41 recombinant antigen a.a 466 to a.a 753 of the HIV-1 env region 32 kDa |
HIV-2 GP 36 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00114-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV -2 env gp36 recombinant antigen a.a 390 to a.a 702 of the HIV-2 env region 34 kDa |
HIV-2 GP 36 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00114-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV -2 env gp36 recombinant antigen a.a 390 to a.a 702 of the HIV-2 env region 34 kDa |
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
00115-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
00115-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
HCV core recombinant antigen, Biotin conjugate |
|||
00115-V-B-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
HCV core recombinant antigen, Biotin conjugate |
|||
00115-V-B-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
HCV core recombinant antigen, FITC conjugate |
|||
00115-V-F-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
HCV core recombinant antigen, FITC conjugate |
|||
00115-V-F-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
HCV core recombinant antigen, Rhodamine |
|||
00115-V-R-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa . Rhodamine conjugate. |
HCV core recombinant antigen, Rhodamine |
|||
00115-V-R-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a 2 to a.a 192 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa . Rhodamine conjugate. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b |
|||
00116-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b |
|||
00116-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Biotin |
|||
00116-V-B-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Biotin |
|||
00116-V-B-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Biotin conjugate. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, FITC |
|||
00116-V-F-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, FITC |
|||
00116-V-F-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Fluorescein conjugate. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Rhodamine |
|||
00116-V-R-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Rhodamine conjugate. |
HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b, Rhodamine |
|||
00116-V-R-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS4 recombinant antigen NS4a+b a.a 1658 to a.a 1863 of HCV polyprotein, 19 kDa. Rhodamine conjugate. |
HCV NS3 recombinant antigen |
|||
00117-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS3 recombinant antigen a.a 1400 to a.a 1643 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
HCV NS3 recombinant antigen |
|||
00117-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS3 recombinant antigen a.a 1400 to a.a 1643 of HCV polyprotein 22 kDa |
HBV core recombinant antigen |
|||
00120-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 183 of HBV core antigen 18 kDa |
HBV core recombinant antigen |
|||
00120-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 183 of HBV core antigen 18 kDa |
HBV core recombinant antigen, Delta |
|||
00121-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 144 of HBV core antigen 16 kDa |
HBV core recombinant antigen, Delta |
|||
00121-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HBV core recombinant antigen HBcAg a.a 1 to a.a 144 of HBV core antigen 16 kDa |
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg |
|||
00122-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant |
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg |
|||
00122-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant |
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
00123-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant High purity |
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
00123-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 22 kDa Pichia pastoris recombinant High purity |
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
00124-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 31 kDa E. coli recombinant |
HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen |
|||
00124-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HBV surface recombinant antigen HBsAg antigen 31 kDa E. coli recombinant |
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
00131-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 633 to a.a 659. |
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
00131-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 633 to a.a 659. |
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
00132-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 403 to a.a 461. |
HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen |
|||
00132-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 403 to a.a 461. |
AA 403-461 HEV Birma ORF2 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00133-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 92 to a.a 123. |
AA 403-461 HEV Birma ORF2 Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00133-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HEV (Birma) ORF2 recombinant antigen a.a. 92 to a.a 123. |
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 |
|||
00141-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 (full length) |
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 |
|||
00141-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p15 (full length) |
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 |
|||
00142-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 (full length) |
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 |
|||
00142-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p17 (full length) |
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 |
|||
00143-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 (full length) |
T, Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 |
|||
00143-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen p45 (full length) |
T, pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA |
|||
00144-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA (full length) |
T, pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA |
|||
00144-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: T. Pallidum recombinant antigen TmpA (full length) |
HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00150-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen. Genotypes available: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3/10, 4, 5, 6a |
HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00150-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core 2-119aa recombinant antigen. Genotypes available: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3/10, 4, 5, 6a |
HCV Core 24 Antigen |
|||
00151-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core 24 antigen. |
HCV Core 24 Antigen |
|||
00151-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core 24 antigen. |
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
00152-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a.105-302 |
HCV core recombinant antigen |
|||
00152-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV core recombinant antigen a.a.105-302 |
HCV NS3 1192-1456 aa Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00153-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS3 1192-1456aa recombinant antigen a.a.1192-1459. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 2c, 5, 6a |
HCV NS3 1192-1456 aa Recombinant Antigen |
|||
00153-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS3 1192-1456aa recombinant antigen a.a.1192-1459. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 2c, 5, 6a |
HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen |
|||
00154-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen. The protein contains immunodominant regions (1359-1456aa). available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen |
|||
00154-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS3 1359-1456aa antigen. The protein contains immunodominant regions (1359-1456aa). available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen |
|||
00155-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen a.a1691-1710, 1712-1733, 1921-1940. Genotypes available: 1, 2, 3, 5. |
HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen |
|||
00155-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS4 mosaic recombinant antigen a.a1691-1710, 1712-1733, 1921-1940. Genotypes available: 1, 2, 3, 5. |
HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00156-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen. |
HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00156-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS4 1916-1947aa recombinant antigen. |
HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00157-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen. |
HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00157-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS5 2061-2302aa recombinant antigen. |
HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00158-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 6a. |
HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen |
|||
00158-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HCV NS5 2212-2313aa recombinant antigen. Available genotypes: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 6a. |
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
00159-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 722-830. |
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
00159-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 722-830. |
HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen |
|||
00160-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen a.a. 55-164. |
HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen |
|||
00160-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV VP4-VP2 recombinant antigen a.a. 55-164. |
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
00161-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1492-1606. |
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
00161-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1492-1606. |
HAV P3C recombinant antigen |
|||
00162-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV P3C recombinant antigen a.a. 1643-1743. |
HAV P3C recombinant antigen |
|||
00162-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV P3C recombinant antigen a.a. 1643-1743. |
HAV VP3 recombinant antigen |
|||
00163-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV VP3 recombinant antigen a.a. 304-415. |
HAV VP3 recombinant antigen |
|||
00163-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV VP3 recombinant antigen a.a. 304-415. |
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
00164-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 669-782. |
HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen |
|||
00164-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV VP1-P2A recombinant antigen a.a. 669-782. |
HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen |
|||
00165-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen a.a. 1121-1234. |
HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen |
|||
00165-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV HAV P2C recombinant antigen a.a. 1121-1234. |
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
00166-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1392-1521. |
HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen |
|||
00166-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HAV P2C-P3A recombinant antigen a.a. 1392-1521. |
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
00168-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen. |
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
00168-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120-gp41 recombinant antigen. |
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen |
|||
00169-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen.The protein contains the HIV immunodominant regions from gag p17-p24 gp 120. |
HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen |
|||
00169-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 p17/24/gp120 antigen.The protein contains the HIV immunodominant regions from gag p17-p24 gp 120. |
HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
00170-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen. |
HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen, |
|||
00170-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 gp41 recombinant antigen. |
HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen, |
|||
00171-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen. |
HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen, |
|||
00171-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 gp41 Long recombinant antigen. |
HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen |
|||
00173-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen. . |
HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen |
|||
00173-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-2 gp32 recombinant antigen. . |
HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen, |
|||
00174-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen. |
HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen, |
|||
00174-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV-1 p24 recombinant antigen. |
HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen |
|||
00175-V-01mg | Virogen | 0,1 mg | EUR 321 |
Description: HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen. HIV-1 envelope conjugated to HIV-2 envelope peptide. |
HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen |
|||
00175-V-1000ug | Virogen | 1000 ug | EUR 1539 |
Description: HIV 1, 2 envelope recombinant antigen. HIV-1 envelope conjugated to HIV-2 envelope peptide. |
Principal element evaluation exploring the affiliation between antibiotic resistance and heavy steel tolerance of plasmid-bearing sewage wastewater micro organism of scientific relevance
This paper unravels the incidence of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in affiliation with tolerance to heavy metals amongst clinically related micro organism remoted from sewage wastewater.
The micro organism remoted had been recognized following standard phenotypic and/or molecular strategies, and had been subjected to multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR) profiling. The isolates had been examined towards the heavy metals Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr2+ and Cu2+. SDS-PAGE and agarose gel electrophoretic analyses had been carried out, respectively, for the characterization of heavy steel stress protein and R-plasmid among the many remoted micro organism.
Principal element evaluation was utilized in figuring out bacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. Each lactose-fermenting ( Escherichia coli ) and non-fermenting ( Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas putida ) Gram-negative bacterial strains had been procured, and confirmed MAR phenotypes with respect to 3 or extra antibiotics, together with resistance to the heavy metals Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr2+ and Cu2+.
The Gram-positive micro organism, Enterococcus faecalis , remoted had ‘ampicillin-kanamycin-nalidixic acid’ resistance. The bacterial isolates had MAR indices of 0.3-0.9, indicating their ( E. faecalis , E. coli , A. baumannii and P. putida ) origin from niches with excessive antibiotic air pollution and human faecal contamination.
The Gram-negative micro organism remoted contained a single plasmid (≈54 kb) conferring a number of antibiotic resistance, which was linked to heavy steel tolerance; the SDS-PAGE evaluation demonstrated the expression of heavy steel stress proteins (≈59 and ≈10 kDa) in wastewater micro organism with a Cd2+ stressor.
The examine outcomes grant an perception into the co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance and heavy steel tolerance amongst clinically related micro organism in sewage wastewater, prompting an intense well being impression over antibiotic utilization.